SUBJECT -
HISTORY
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Bihar ,Assam Maharashtra andIndia Gujarat , Maharasthra.•India Ans- India India India
CLASS X
HALF YEARLY: TERM 1
PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
Q.1Where wasthe earliest kind of print
technoloy developed?
The earliest kind of print technology was
developed in China Japan Korea
Q2. Briefly describe the earliest kind of
print technology that developed in the world
The earliest kind of print technology was
based on manual labourie hand printin
From AD 594 onwards, books in China
there – against the inked surface of woodblocks.
As both sides of the thin, porous sheet
could not be printed, the traditional Chinese
‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched
at the side.
Superbly skilled craftsmen could
duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of
calligraphy.
Q4. What is Calligraphy?
The art of beautiful and stylized writing
is known as Calligraphy
Q5.Which country was the major producer of
printed material? Why?
The imperial state in China
material.
HUGE BUREAUCRATIC SYSTEM
China
service examinations.
PRINTING OF TEXTBOOKS
Textbooks for this examination were
printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of
the imperial state.
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CANDIDATES
From the sixteenth century, the number of
examination candidates went up and that
increased the volume of print.
Q6 How did the uses of print diversify in China
By the seventeenth century, as urban
culture bloomed in China
diversified. Print was no longer used just
by scholar officials
TO COLLECT TRADE INFORMATION
Merchants used print in their everyday
life, as they collected trade information.
Reading
The new readership preferred fictional
narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of
literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
PUBLISHING
Rich women began to read, and many women
began publishing their poetry and plays.
Wives of scholar-officials published their
works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
Western printing techniques and mechanical
presses were imported in the late nineteenth
century as Western powers established
their
outposts in China
Shanghai
From hand printing there was now a gradual
shift to mechanical printing.
Print in Japan
Q7.Who introduced print in Japan
Buddhist missionaries from China Japan
AD 768-770.
Q8 Name the oldest book to be printed in
Japan.
The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD
868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing
six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
Briefly describe the various kinds of
print used in Japan
Pictures were printed on textiles, playing
cards and paper money.
In medieval Japan
cheap and abundant.
Q.9 What were the interesting publishing
practices of the late 18th
century?
Printing of visual material led to
interesting publishing practices.
In the late eighteenth century, in the
flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be
known as
artists, courtesans, and teahouse
gatherings.
Libraries and bookstores were packed with
hand-printed material of various types –
books on women, musical instruments,
calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements,
proper etiquette, cooking and famous
places.
PRINT CULTURE IN EUROPE
Q.10 What were the factors that helped the
rise of print culture in Europe ?
In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe
via the silk route.
Paper made possible the production of
manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
Then, in 1295, Marco Polo, a great
explorer, returned to Italy
exploration in China China
Polo brought this knowledge back with him.
Now Italians began producing books with
woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to
other parts of Europe .
Luxury editions were still handwritten on
very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic
circles and rich monastic libraries which
scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities.
Merchants and students in the university
towns bought the cheaper printed copies.
Q11.What is vellum?
A parchment made from the skins of
animals.
Q12 How were luxury editions in Europe printed ?
Luxury editions were handwritten on very
expensive vellum meant for aristocratic people
and rich monastic libraries.
Q13 Who were the people who brought
cheaper copies?
Merchants and students in the university
towns bought cheaper printed copies.
Demand For Books
Q14 What steps were taken by the
booksellers to meet the increasing demand for books?
As the demand for books increased,
booksellers all over Europe began exporting
books to
many different countries. Book fairs were
held at different places.
Production of handwritten manuscripts was
also organised in new ways to meet the
expanded demand.
Scribes or skilled handwriters were no
longer solely employed by wealthy or influential
patrons but increasingly by booksellers as
well. More than 50 scribes often worked for
one bookseller.
Q.15 What were the limitations of
Manuscripts?
the production of handwritten manuscripts
could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand
for books.
Copying was an expensive, laborious and
time-consuming business.
Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to
handle, and could not be carried around or read
easily.
Their circulation remained limited. With
the growing demand for books,
woodblock printing gradually became more
and more popular.
By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks
were being widely used in Europe to
print textiles, playing cards, and
religious pictures with simple, brief texts.
PRINT REVOLUTION
Q16. Explain the term Print Revolution
The shift from hand printing to mechanical
printing led to the print revolution after he
invention of the printing press by
Gutenberg
Q17. Which was the first book to be
printed by Gutenberg
The first book he printed was the Bible.
About 180 copies were printed and it took three
years to produce them. By the standards of
the time this was fast production.
Q18 Write a short note on Gutenberg
Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and
grew up on a large agricultural estate. From his
childhood he had seen wine and olive
presses.
Subsequently, he learnt the art of
polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also
acquired the expertise to create lead
moulds used for making trinkets.
Gutenberg adapted existing technology to
design his innovation.
The olive press provided the model for the
printing press, and moulds were used for
casting the metal types for the letters of
the alphabet.
By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system.
The first book he printed was the Bible. About
180 copies were printed and it took three
years to produce them. By the standards of the
time this was fast production.
Q.19 What were the features of the printed
books ?
Printed books at first closely resembled
the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
The metal letters imitated the ornamental
handwritten styles.
Borders were illuminated by hand with
foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were
painted.
In the books printed for the rich, space
for decoration was kept blank on the printed page.
Each purchaser could choose the design and
decide on the painting school that would do the
illustrations.
This shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing led to the print revolution.
Q20 What was the impact of the print
revolution in Europe ?
A new way of producing books; it
transformed the lives of people, changing their
relationship to information and knowledge,
and with institutions and authorities.
It influenced popular perceptions and
opened up new ways of looking at things
1. EMERGENCE OF A NEW READING
Printing reduced the cost of books. The
time and labour required to produce each book
came down, and multiple copies could be
produced with greater ease.
Books flooded the market, reaching out to
an ever-growing readership.
2. EMERGENCE OF A HEARING PUBLIC
Earlier books could be read by only a
small number of people particularly the elite as the
number of literates in Europe
was very low till the 20 th century
Publishers started publishing popular
ballads folk tales with beautiful pictures and
illustrations .These were then sung at
village gatherings Knowledge was transferred
orally. People collectively heard a story,
or saw a performance . Thus a hearing and
reading public became intermingled.
3. RELIGIOUS DEBATES AND THE FEAR OF PRINT
Print created the possibility of wide
circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of
debate and discussion.
Even those who disagreed with established
authorities could now print and circulate their
ideas. Eg MartinLuther was a German monk,
priest professor and church reformer. In 1517
he wrote 95 thesis and openely criticized
the rituals and practices of the Roman catholic
church.A printed copy of his thesis was
posted on the church door at Wittenberg
challenged the church to debate his ideas.
Lutherts writings were immediately produced in
large numbersand were read widely. This
led to division within the church and the
beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
PRINT AND DISSENT
Print and popular religious literature
stimulated many distinctive individual
interpretations of faith even among
little-educated working people.
In the sixteenth century, Manocchio, a
miller in Italy, began to read books that were
available in his locality.
He reinterpreted the message of the Bible
and formulated a view of God and Creation
that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
When the Roman Church began its inquisition
to repress heretical ideas, Manocchio
was hauled up twice and ultimately executed.
The Roman Church, troubled by such effects
of popular readings and questionings of
faith, imposed severe controls over
publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an
Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
Q.21 What was the implication of Print Revolution
on Religion?
In 1517, the religious reformer Martin
Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many
of the practices and rituals of the Roman
Catholic Church.
A printed copy of this was posted on a
church door in Wittenberg.
It challenged the Church to debate his
ideas.
Luther’s writings were immediately
reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This
lead to a division within the Church and
to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
The Reading Mania
Q22.Why is it that in the the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in
most parts of Europe?
Churches of different denominations set
up schools in villages, carrying literacy to
peasants and artisans. By the end of the
eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe
literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80
per cent.
As literacy and schools spread in European
countries, there was a virtual reading mania.
People wanted books to read and printers
produced books in ever increasing numbers.
Q.23 What were the new forms of Popular
Literature prevalent in Europe?(any 4)
New forms of popular literature appeared
in print, targeting new audiences.
Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed
around villages, carrying little books for sale.
There were almanacs or ritual calendars,
along with ballads and folktales. But other
forms of reading matter, largely for
entertainment, began to reach ordinary readers as
well.
In England, penny chapbooks were carried
by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold
for a penny, so that even the poor could
buy them.
In France, were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’,
which were low-priced small books printed on
poor quality paper, and bound in cheap
blue covers.
Then there were the romances, printed on
four to six pages, and the more substantial
‘histories’ which were stories about the
past.
Books were of various sizes, serving many
different purposes and interests.
The periodical press developed from the
early eighteenth century, combining information
about current affairs with entertainment.
Newspapers and journals carried
information about wars and trade, as well as news of
developments in other places.
Similarly, the ideas of scientists and
philosophers now became more accessible to the
common people.
Ancient and medieval scientific texts were
compiled and published, and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
When scientists like Isaac Newton began to
publish their discoveries, they could
influence a much wider circle of scientifically
minded readers.
The writings of thinkers such as Thomas
Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were
also widely printed and read.
Thus their ideas about science, reason and
rationality found their way into popular
literature.
Books – Enlightment
Q24 Why did some people in the eighteenth
century Europe think that print culture would
bring enlightenment and end despotism?
By the mid-eighteenth century, there was a
common conviction that books were a means of
spreading progress and enlightenment.
Many believed that books could change the
world, liberate society from despotism and
tyranny, and herald a time when reason and
intellect would rule.
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth-century France,
declared: ‘The
printing press is the most powerful engine
of progress and public opinion is the force that
will sweep despotism away.’ In many of
Mercier’s novels, the heroes are transformed by
acts of reading. They devour books ,are
lost in the world of books and become
enlightened in the process, Mercier
proclaimed “Tremble therefore tyrants of the
world”Tremble before the virtual writer.
Q.25 What was the implication of print
culture on the French Revolution?
First: print popularised the ideas of the
Enlightenment thinkers
Collectively, their writings provided a
critical commentary on tradition, superstition and
despotism.
They argued for the rule of reason rather
than custom, and demanded that everything be
judged through the application of reason
and rationality.
They attacked the sacred authority of the
Church and the despotic power of the state, thus
eroding the legitimacy of a social order
based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and
Rousseau were read widely; and those who
read these books saw the world through new
eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical
and rational.
Second: print created a new culture of
dialogue and debate.
All values, norms and institutions were
re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had
become aware of the power of reason, and
recognised the need to question existing ideas
and beliefs. Within this public culture,
new ideas of social revolution came into being.
Third: by the 1780s there was an
outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty
and criticised their morality.
In the process, it raised questions about
the existing social order.
Cartoons and caricatures typically
suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only
in sensual pleasures while the common
people suffered immense hardships. This
literature circulated underground and led
to the growth of hostile sentiments against the
monarchy.
Q.26 What was the impact of the Print
Revolution on children, women and workers?
CHILDREN
As primary education became compulsory
from the late nineteenth century, children
became an important category of readers.
Production of school textbooks became
critical for the publishing industry.
A children’s press, devoted to literature
for children alone, was set up in France in 1857.
This press published new works as well as
old fairy tales and folk tales.
The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years
compiling traditional folk tales gathered
from peasants. What they collected was
edited before the stories were published in a
collection in 1812.
Anything that was considered unsuitable
for children or would appear vulgar to the elites,
was not included in the published version.
Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form.
In this way, print recorded old tales but also
changed them
WOMEN
Penny magazines were especially meant for
women, as were manuals teaching proper
behaviour and housekeeping.
When novels began to be written in the
nineteenth century, women were seen as
important readers. Some of the best known
novelists were women: Jane Austen, the
Bronte sisters, George Eliot
Their writings became important in
defining a new type of woman: a person with will,
strength of personality, determination and
the power to think
Literacy – Workers
Lending libraries had been in existence
from the seventeenth century onwards.
In the nineteenth century, lending
libraries in England
white-collar workers, artisans and
lower-middle-class people.
Sometimes, self-educated working class
people wrote for themselves.
After the working day was gradually
shortened from the mid-nineteenth century, workers had
some time for self-improvement and
self-expression.
They wrote political tracts and
autobiographies in large numbers.
Q27 What were the innovations in Print
technology after the 18th
century? (any 4)
By the late eighteenth century, the press
came to be made out of metal. Through the
nineteenth century, there were a series of
further innovations in printing technology.
By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M.
Hoe of New York had perfected the powerdriven
cylindrical press. This was capable of
printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press
was particularly useful for printing
newspapers.
In the late nineteenth century, the offset
press was developed which could print up to six
colours at a time.
From the turn of the twentieth century,
electrically operated presses accelerated printing
operations. A series of other developments
followed.
Methods of feeding paper improved, the
quality of plates became better, automatic paper
reels and photoelectric controls of the
colour register were introduced.
The accumulation of several individual
mechanical improvements transformed the
appearance of printed texts.
CASE STUDY INDIA
Q1. What were the important features of
manuscripts in ancient India
India
Persian, as well as in various vernacular
languages.
Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or
on handmade paper.
Pages were sometimes beautifully
illustrated. They would be either pressed between
wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.
Manuscripts continued to be produced till
well after the introduction of print, down to the
late nineteenth century.
Q2. What were the limitations of
manuscript in ancient India
Manuscripts, however, were highly
expensive and fragile.
They had to be handled carefully, and they
could not be read easily as the script was
written in different styles. So
manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.
Even though pre-colonial Bengal
had developed an extensive network of village primary
schools, students very often did not read
texts. They only learnt to write.
Teachers dictated portions of texts from
memory and students wrote them down.
Many thus became literate without ever
actually reading any kinds of texts.
Print Comes to India
Q3.Give examples of the early books that
were printed in India
The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth
century.
Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed
several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been
printed in the Konkani and in Kanara
languages.
Catholic priests printed the first Tamil
book in 1579 at Cochin
Malayalam book was printed by them. By
1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had
printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them
translations of older works.
Printing – Colonial Influence
Q4.Briefly describe the colonial influence
on printing in India
From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to
edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine
that described itself as ‘a commercial
paper open to all, but influenced by none’. So it
was private English enterprise, proud of
its independence from colonial influence, that
began English printing in India
Hickey published a lot of advertisements,
including those that related to the import and
sale of slaves. But he also published a
lot of gossip about the Company’s senior officials
in India
encouraged the publication of officially
sanctioned newspapers that could counter the
flow of information that damaged the image
of the colonial government.
By the close of the eighteenth century, a
number of newspapers and journals appeared in
print.
There were Indians, too, who began to
publish Indian newspapers.
The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by Gangadhar
Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohun Roy.
Q5.What were the implications of Print
culture on the religious reforms in India
From the early nineteenth century, there
were intense debates around religious issues.
Different groups confronted the changes
happening within colonial society in different
ways, and offered a variety of new
interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
Some criticised existing practices and
campaigned for reform, while others countered the
arguments of reformers. These debates were
carried out in public and in print.
Printed tracts and newspapers not only
spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature
of the debate. A wider public could now
participate in these public discussions and
express their views.
New ideas emerged through these clashes of
opinions.
This was a time of intense controversies
between social and religious reformers and the
Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow
immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical
priesthood and idolatry. In Bengal , as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers
proliferated, circulating a variety of
arguments.
To reach a wider audience, the ideas were
printed in the everyday, spoken language of
ordinary people. Rammohun Roy published
the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and the
Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar
Chandrika to oppose his opinions. From
1822, two Persian newspapers were
published, Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar.
In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay
Q6. Why did the Muslim clergy want to
introduce religious reforms in Islam?
In north India
They feared that colonial rulers would
encourage conversion, change the Muslim
personal laws.
To counter this, they used cheap
lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu
translations of holy scriptures, and
printed religious newspapers and tracts.
The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867,
published thousands upon thousands of fatwas
telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their
everyday lives, and explaining
the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
Q7 What were the implications of Print
culture among the Hindus?
Among Hindus, too, print encouraged the
reading of religious texts, especially in the
vernacular languages.
The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas
of Tulsidas, a sixteenth-century text,
came out from Calcutta
editions flooded north Indian markets.
From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at
Lucknow
form, these could be read easily by the
faithful at any place and time.
They could also be read out to large
groups of illiterate men and women.
New Forms of Publication
Q8.Mention the new forms of publications
in Indi
Printing created an appetite for new kinds
of writing. As more and more people could
now read, they wanted to see their own
lives, experiences, emotions and relationships
reflected in what they read.
The novel, a literary firm which had
developed in Europe , ideally catered to this
need. It
soon acquired distinctively Indian forms
and styles. For readers, it opened up new worlds
of experience, and gave a vivid sense of
the diversity of human lives.
Other new literary forms also entered the
world of reading – lyrics, short stories, essays
about social and political matters. In
different ways, they reinforced the new emphasis on
human lives and intimate feelings, about
the political and social rules that shaped such
things.
Q9What was the effect of print technology
on new visual culture?
With the setting up of an increasing
number of printing presses, visual images could be
easily reproduced in multiple copies.
Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced
images for mass circulation.
Cheap prints and calendars, easily
available in the bazaar, could be bought even by the
poor to decorate the walls of their homes
or places of work.
These prints began shaping popular ideas
about modernity and tradition, religion and
politics, and society and culture.
Caricatures and Cartoons
By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons
were being published in journals and newspapers,
commenting on social and political issues.
Some caricatures ridiculed the educated
Indians’ fascination with Western tastes and
clothes, while others expressed the fear
of social change.
There were imperial caricatures lampooning
nationalists, as well as nationalist cartoons
criticizing imperial rule.
Q10 What was the effect of Print culture
on the life of the women in India
Lives and feelings of women began to be
written in particularly vivid and intense ways.
Women’s reading, therefore, increased
enormously in middle-class homes. Liberal
husbands and fathers began educating their
womenfolk at home, and sent them to schools
when women’s schools were set up in the
cities and towns after the mid-nineteenth
century.
Many journals began carrying writings by
women, and explained why women should be
educated. They also carried a syllabus and
attached suitable reading matter which could
be used for home-based schooling.
Women Writers
Q11What was the impct of print on women in
India
Since social reforms and novels had
already created a great interest in women’s lives and
emotions, there was also an interest in
what women would have to say about their own lives.
From the 1860s, a few Bengali women like
Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting
the experiences of women – about how women
were imprisoned at home, kept in
ignorance, forced to do hard domestic
labour and treated unjustly by the very people they
served.
In the 1880s, in present-day Maharashtra , Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote
with passionate anger about the miserable
lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially
widows.
In the early twentieth century, journals,
written for and sometimes edited by women,
became extremely popular.
They discussed issues like women’s
education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the
national movement.
Some of them offered household and fashion
lessons to women and brought
entertainment through short stories and
serialised novels.
Liberal husbands nd fthers begn educting
their womenol t homes nd sent them to
schools when the women schoos opened up.
Q12How did Print technology effect the
folk literature?
In Punjab ,
too, a similar folk literature was widely printed from the early twentieth
century.
Ram Chaddha published the fast-selling Istri
Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be
obedient wives.
The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap
booklets with a similar message. Many of
these were in the form of dialogues about
the qualities of a good woman.
In Bengal, an entire area in central
Calcutta – the Battala – was devoted to the printing of
popular books. Here you could buy cheap
editions of religious tracts and scriptures, as
well as literature that was considered
obscene and scandalous.
By the late nineteenth century, a lot of
these books were being profusely illustrated with
woodcuts and coloured lithographs. Pedlars
took the Battala publications to homes,
enabling women to read them in their
leisure time.
Print and the Poor People ( NCERT Q.)
Q13What was the impact of the print on the
poor people?
Very cheap small books were brought to
markets in nineteenth-century Madras towns and
sold at crossroads, allowing poor people
travelling to markets to buy them.
Public libraries were set up from the
early twentieth century, expanding the access to
books.
These libraries were located mostly in
cities and towns, and at times in prosperous
villages. For rich local patrons, setting
up a library was a way of acquiring prestige.
Late Nineteenth Century, Issues of Caste
Discrimination ( NCERT Q – REFORMERS )
Q14.How did print discuss the issues of
social reform?
From the late nineteenth century, issues
of caste discrimination began to be written about in
many printed tracts and essays.
Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low
caste’ protest movements, wrote about the
injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri
(1871).
In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote
powerfully on caste and their writings were
read by people all over India.
Local protest movements and sects also
created a lot of popular journals and tracts
criticising ancient scriptures and
envisioning a new and just future.
Workers in Factories
Q15.What was the impact of print on
workers in the factories?
Workers in factories were too overworked
and lacked the education to write much about their
experiences.
Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and
published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in
1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.
The poems of another Kanpur
Chakr between 1935 and 1955, were brought
together and published in a collection called
Sacchi Kavitayan.
By the 1930s, Bangalore
following the example of Bombay
These were sponsored by social reformers
who tried to restrict excessive drinking among
them, to bring literacy and, sometimes, to
propagate the message of nationalism.
Print and Censorship
Before 1798, the colonial state under the
East India Company was not too concerned with
censorship. Strangely, its early measures
to control printed matter were directed against
Englishmen in India
particular Company officers.
The Company was worried that such
criticisms might be used by its critics in England
attack its trade monopoly in India
By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court
passed certain regulations to control press
freedom and the Company began encouraging
publication of newspapers that would
celebrate British rule.
In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by
editors of English and vernacular newspapers,
Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise
press laws. Thomas Macaulay, a liberal
colonial official, formulated new rules
that restored the earlier freedoms.
After the Revolt of 1857
Wht prompted the British government to
curb thefreedom of the Indian press and what
steps did it take to achieve this aim/
After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to
freedom of the press changed. Enraged
Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the
‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers
became assertively nationalist, the
colonial government began debating measures of
stringent control.
STEPS TKEN BY THE BRITISH
In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was
passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws.
It provided the government with extensive
rights to censor reports and editorials in the
vernacular press.
From now on the government kept regular
track of the vernacular newspapers published
in different provinces. When a report was
judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned,
and if the warning was ignored, the press
was liable to be seized and the printing
machinery confiscated.
Nationalist Newspapers
Explain how the print culture led to the
the growth of Nationlism in India?
Despite repressive measures, nationalist
newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India.
They reported on colonial misrule and
encouraged nationalist activities.
Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism
provoked militant protest.
This in turn led to a renewed cycle of
persecution and protests.
When Punjab revolutionaries were deported
in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with
great sympathy about them in his Kesari.
This led to his imprisonment in 1908,
provoking in turn widespread protests all
over India
GLOSSARY
Ques-1. Define the following words.
Ans.-1. a.) Calligraphy- The art of beautiful and stylized writing.
b.) Vellum- A parchment made from the skin of animals.
c.)Platen- In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto
the back of the paper to get the
impression from the type. At one time it
used to be a wooden board; later it is made of the steel.
d.) Compositor- The person who composes the text for printing.
e.) Galley- Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
f.) Ballad- A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or
recited.
g.) Taverns- Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food,
and to meet friends and
exchange news.
h.) Protestant Reformations- A sixteenth- century movement to reform the Catholic
Church dominated by
Christianity developed out of the
movement.
i.) Inquisition- A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing
heretics.
j.) Heretical- Beliefs which do not follow the accepted teachings of the Church.
In medieval times, heresy
was seen as a threat to the right of the
Church to decide on what should be believed and what should not.
Heretical beliefs were severely punished.
k.) Satiety- The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of
satisfaction.
l.) Seditious- Action, speech or writing that is seen as opposition the
government.
m.) Denominations- Sub groups within a religion.
n.) Almanac- An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about
the movements of the
sun and moon, timing of full tides and
eclipses, and much else that was of importance in the everyday life
of people.
o.) Chapbook- A term used to describe pocket- size books that are sold by
traveling pedlars called
chapmen. These became popular from the
time of the sixteenth- century print revolution.
p.) Despotism- A system of governance in which absolute power is exercised by an
individual, unregulated
by legal and constitutional checks.
q.) Ulama- Legal scholars of Islam and the sharia (a body of Islamic law).
r.) Fatwa- A legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a mufti
(legal scholar) to clarify issues
on which the law is uncertain.
CLASS ASSIGNMENT
Note: The following questions should be
done in the note books
.-1. Give reasons for the following :
a.) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
b.) Martin Luther was in favour of print
and spoke out in praise of it.
c.) The Roman Catholic Church began
keeping an index of prohibited books from the mid- sixteenth
century.
d.) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a
fight of liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of
association.
Ques.-2. Write short notes to show what
you know about:
a.) The Gutenberg Press
b.) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
c.) The vernacular Press Act
Ques.-3. What did the spread of print
culture in nineteenth century India
a.) Women
b.) The poor
c.) Reformers
Ques.-4.Why did some people in eighteenth
century Europe think that print culture would
bring
enlightenment and end despotism?
Q.-5. Why did some people fear the effect
of easily available printed books? Choose one example from
Q.-6. What were the effects of the spread
of print culture for poor people in nineteenth century India
Q-7. Explain how print culture assisted
the growth of nationalism in India
Bb
SUBJECT ; HISTORY
CLASS X- TERM 1
THE
AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
WHAT
IS PROTO INDUSTRIALIZATION?
Even
before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe ,
there was
large-scale
industrial production for an international market. This was not based on
factories.
Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as -
industrialisation.
HOW
WAS PRODUCTION DONE IN THE PROTO
INDUSTRIALIAZATION
PHASE?
In
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe
began
moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans,
persuading
them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world
trade
and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for
goods
began growing.
WHY
DID MERCHANTS MOVED TO THE COUNTRYSIDE?
INCREASED
DEMAND : With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of
colonies
in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing.
POWERFUL
URBAN CRAFT AND TRADE GUILDS IN THE TOWNS
merchants
could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban
crafts
and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that
trained
craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and
prices,
and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different
guilds
the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore
difficult
for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the
countryside.
WHY
DID PEOPLE IN THE COUNTRY SIDE ACCEPTED THE OFFER
MADE
BY THE MERCHANTS?
1. DISAPPERING
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM: open fields were disappearing
and
commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had
earlier
depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood,
berries,
vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of
income.
Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all
members
of the household. So when merchants came around and offered
advances
to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.
2. FULL
UTILIZATION OF FAMILY AND LABOUR RESOURCES:
Many
farmers had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all
members
of the household. Income from proto-industrial production
supplemented
their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a
fuller
use of their family labour resources.
WHAT
WAS THE RELATIONSHIP
B/W TOWNS
SIDE?
Bb
Within
this system a close relationship developed between the town and the
countryside.
Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the
countryside.
A merchant clothier in England
purchased wool from a wool , and
carried
it to the spinners; the yarn (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent
stages
of production to weavers, , and then to dyers. The finishing was done in
system
was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges.
DISCUSS
THE BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN ENGLAND
The
earliest factories in England
came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late
eighteenth
century that the number of factories multiplied
A
SERIES OF INVENTIONS in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of
each
step of the production process ( , twisting and spinning, and rolling). They
enhanced
the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they
made
possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.
INVENTION
OF THE COTTON MILL
Richard
Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now, the costly new machines could be
purchased,
set up and maintained in the mill. All th4e production pocesses
were
brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful
supervision
over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of
labour,
all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.
WHICH
WERE THE SECTORS WHICH UNDERWENT
INDUSTRIALIZATION?
1.
cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the
1840s.
2.
iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways, in
iron
and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and
steel
worth
about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export
.
EVEN THOUGH STEAM ENGINE WAS INVENTED IN 1781, IT WAS
NOT
INSTANTLY ACCEPTED BY ALL ?
.
A. James Watt improved the steam engine by Newcoman
and Mathew Boulton, the
industrialist, manufactured the new model. Yet it was
not accepted by all production
sector as the pace of industrialization was slow till
the mid 19 century
-
REASONS
-
1.New technology was expensive and merchants
and industrialists were cautious about
using
it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. The machines were not
effective as their inventors and manufacturers
claimed.
2.
The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at
the end
of
the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was
employed in
technologically
advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large
Bb
portion
of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic
units
3.
The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by the steam
powered
cotton
or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either.
Seemingly
ordinary
and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised
sectors
such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture
making,
and production of implements There was plenty of
labour and wages were
low.
HOW HAND LABOUR WAS DIFFERENT FROM MACHINES / WHY THE
ELITE PREFERRED HAND MADE GOODS?
1.. Hand Labour could produce a range of products.
Machines were oriented to producing
uniforms and standardized goods for a mass market.
2. The market demand was often for goods with
intricate designs and specific shapes that
Only hand labour could produce
1. In Victorian Britain
things produced by hand. They symbolized refinement
and class. They were better
finished, individually produced and carefully designed.
Machine-made goods were
meant for export to the colonies
DESCRIBE THE LIFE OF THE WORKERS
The
abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers
1. As
news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the
cities.
The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of
friendship
and kin relations.
2.
Many job- seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in
night
Some
stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went
to
the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
3.
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without
work.
After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again.
Some
returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour
in
the rural areas opened up in places.
4.
Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. During the
prolonged
Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell
significantly,
since the same wages could now buy fewer things.
5.
The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new
technology.eg
when the spinning jenny was introduced women workers started
attacking
the machines as they feared unemployment
WHAT
WAS THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE CITIES
INTENSIFICATION
OF BUILDING ACTIVITIES: opened up employment
opportunities
as roads were widened, new railway stations came up,railway lines
extended
and tunnels were dug up. The number of workers employed in the transport
industry
doubled in the 1840s, and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
IN THE COLONIES
CASE
STUDY INDIA
Bb
Before
the age of machine industries, SILK AND COTTON GOODS from India
dominated
the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many
countries,
but the finer varieties often came from India
WHICH WERE THE IMPORTANT SEAPORTS BEFORE ARRIVAL OF
BRITISH TO INDIA
. Surat Gujarat Coast India Red Sea ports.
Masulipatam on the Coromandel
Coast and Hoogly in Bengal had
trade links with South-
East Asian ports.
. WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF THE INDIAN MERCHANTS AND
BANKERS IN THE NETWORK OF EXPORT TRADE BEFORE THE AGE
OF
MACHINE INDUSTRIES?
THE
mer chants gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving
villages,
and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export
merchants
had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply
merchants
operating inland
WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS ON THE THE INDIAN EXPORTS AFTER
THE
EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANIES TOOK CONTROL OF TRADE IN INDIA
1. The Indian exports drastically declined
2. The old ports of Surat Bombay Calcutta
new ports
3. Many of the old trading houses collapsed and the
Indian Bankers henceforth
flourishing on Indian export trade became bankrupt.
WHICH OTHER EUROPEAN TRADERS COMPETING WITH THE EAST
INDIA COMPANY IN 1760-1770 IN INDIAN MARKETS FOR
EXPORTS?
The French, The Dutch and the Portuguese were the other
European traders competing
with the East India Company in 1760-1770 in Indian
markets for exports.
WHAT
STEPS TAKEN BY EIC TO ENSURE A REGULAR SUPPLY OF
SILK
AND COTTON?
1. APPOINTMENT
OF A PAID SERVANT CALLED GOMASTHA: . First: the
Company
tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the
cloth
trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a
paid
servant called the to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the
quality
of cloth. Second: it prevented Company weavers from dealing with other
buyers
2. SYSTEM
OF ADVANCES: Once an order was placed, the weavers were given
loans
to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had
to
hand over the cloth they produced to the gomasthas and. They could not take it
to
any other trader
WHAT
WAS THE IMPACT OF THE GOMASTHAS AND ADVANCE
SYSTEM
ON THE INDIAN WEAVERS?
Bb
1.
Many weavers had small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated along
with
weaving, and the produce from this took care of their family needs. Now
they
had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving. Weaving,
in
fact, required the labour of the entire family, with children and women all
engaged
in different stages of the process.
2. in
many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and .
the
gomasthas who acted arrogantly, marched into villages, and punished
weavers
for delays
3. In
many places in Carnatic and Bengal , weavers
deserted villages and
migrated,
setting up looms in other villages where they had some family
relation
4. .
Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the
Company
and its officials. Over time many weavers began refusing loans,
closing
down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.
DISCUSS
STEPS TAKEN BY EIC TO PROMOTE ITS TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
IN MANCHESTER
In
1772, HENRY PATULLO, a Company official, had ventured to say that the
demand
for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced
goods
of the same quality.
1.IMPOSITION
OF IMPORT DUTIES: import duties were imposed on the I
ndian
cotton textiles so that Manchester
goods could sell in Britain
without facing
any
competition from outside.
2.FLOODING
THE INDIAN MARKET WITH THE CHEAP MACHINE
MADE
BRITISH GOODS
At the
same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British
manufactures
in Indian markets as well
WHAT
WAS THE IMPACT OF MACHINE MADE CLOTH ON THE
INDIAN
MARKET?
1. SHRINKING
OF LOCAL MARKET the local market shrank, being glutted
with Manchester imports.
Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported
cotton
goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
2. COLLAPSE
OF THE EXPORT MARKET:After imposition of import
duties
Indian textileslost their world market
3. SHORTAGE
OF RAW MATERIAL: By the 1860s, weavers faced a new
problem.
They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.as
the
American Civil war broke out and the British cotton supplies from US
were
cut off and so theyturned to India .
Cotton export from India
increasedand
price
of raw cotton shot .
MENTION
THE FIRST FACTORIESSET UP IN INDIA
ENREPREUNERS
. FIRST COTTON TEXTILE MILL OF INDIA
. Bombay
. FIRST JUTE MILL IN INDIA
. Seth Hukumchand, a marwary set up the first Indian
Juste Mill in Calcutta
1917.
Bb
. WHO WERE THE INDIAN INDUSTRIALISTS /
ENTREPRENEURS
WHO TRADED WITH CHINA
. Dwarakanath Tagore, Parsis like Dinshah Petit and
Jamshedjee Nusserwanjee
Tata and Seth Hukumchand and father and grandfather of
G.D. Birla traded with China
18th & 19th centuries.
. Dwarakanath Tagore.
. Dwarakanath Tagore believed that India
and Industrialization. He invested in shipping,
shipbuilding, mining, banking, plantations
and insurance in 1830’s. These were his six
joint-stock companies. He traded with China
also. But, his business sank along with those others
in the wider business crisis of the
1840’s.
. WHICH WAS THE FIRST IRON AND STEEL MILL OF INDIA
. J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steel mill in India Jamshedpur
WHERE DID THE WORKERS COME FROM?
1. In most industrial regions workers came from
the districts around. . Over 50
per
cent workers in the Bombay
cotton industries in 1911 came from the
neighbouring
district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur
got most of their
textile
hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur.
2. Most often millworkers moved between the
village and the city, returning to
their
village homes during harvests and festivals. Over time, as news of
employment
spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in
the
mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the
textile
mills of Bombay
and in the jute mills of Calcutta .
R.D. Tata, Sir R.J.
Tata,
and Sir D.J. Tata.
3. Industrialists usually employed a JOBBER to
get new recruits. Very often the
jobber
was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured
them
jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of
crisis.
The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power.
workers.
NAME THE BIGGEST EUROPEAN MANAGING AGENCIES, WHICH
CONTROLLED A LARGE SECTOR OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES
Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine
Skinner & Co.
1. WHICH FIELDS OF ACTIVITY DID THE EUROPEAN
MANAGING
AGENCIES INVESTED IN INDIA
A. Tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at
cheaper rates from the colonial
government, mining, indigo and jute were the most
important fields of activity in which
the European Managing Agencies invested in India
DISCUSS THE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT HELPED INDIA
MARKET AND HELPED IN INDUSTRIALIZATION?
By
the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the
pattern of
industrialization
1. As
the swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised
people
to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to
Bb
protect
their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff
protection
and grant other concessions.
2. From 1906, moreover, the export of
Indian yarn to China
declined since
produce
from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So
industrialists
in India
began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton
piece-
goods production in India
doubled between 1900 and 1912.
3. Out break of the First World WAR
A. With British mills busy with war
production to meet the needs of the army,
market
to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to
supply
war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots,
horse
and mule saddles and a host of other items.
B. New factories were set up and old ones
ran multiple shifts. Many new workers
were
employed and everyone was made to work longer hours
WHILE
CHEAP MACHINE-MADE THREAD WIPED OUT THE SPINNING
INDUSTRY
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THE WEAVERS
SURVIVED,
DESPITE PROBLEMS/ HOW THE SMALL SCALE INDIAN
INDUSTRIES
PREDOMINATE?
REASONS
1.
This was partly because of technological changes. Handicrafts people
adopted new
technology
if that helped them improve production without excessively pushing up
costs.
Eg the invention of the Fly Shuttle a mechanical device used for weaving, moved
by means of ropes and pulleys. It places the
horizontal threads called the weft into the
vertical threads (warp). The invention of the Fly
Shuttle made it possible for the Indian
weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces
of cloth.
A.It increased productivity of worker, speed-up
production and reduced labour demand It
helped them to compete with mill sector
B. By 1941, over 35% handlooms in India
fittings went up to 70% - 80% in regions like
Travancore, Madras Mysore , Cochin
2.
Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the
competition
with mill industries. Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while
others
wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand
fluctuated
violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had
little
to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth.
The
demand
for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich
could
buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of
Banarasi
or Baluchari saris. Moreover, , mills could not imitate specialised weaves.
Saris
with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras , could
not
be easily displaced by mill production. Weavers and other craftspeople who
continued
to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily
prosper.
HOW
WAS THE MARKETING OF GOODS DONE IN INDIA
BRITISH?
Bb
a. THROUGHLABELS:
When Manchester
industrialists began selling cloth in
place
of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer.
expected
to feel confident about buying the cloth. twentieth century.Images of
Indian
Gods and Goddesses regularly appeared on these labels . It was as if the
association
with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold.
b. CALENDARS
:By the late 19 century manufacturers were printing calendars
to
popularize their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars
were
used even by people who could not read..
WHAT
MESSAGE WAS CONVEYED THROUGH LABELS, CALENDARS
AND
ADVERTISMENTS:?
A.ADVERTISMENTS:
When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist
message
was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians
produce.
Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.
B.
LABELS:Images of Gods and Godesses regularly appeared on labels giving it
divine
approval.When Manchester
industrialists began selling their cloth in India they
put
the label made in Manchester
which became a symbol of quality
c.
CALENDARS: The figures of gods were used to sell new products. Like the
images
of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned
advertisement
and calendars. The message very often seemed to say: if you respect
the
royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by
kings,
or produced under royal command, its quality could not be
questioned.
CLASS – X
SUBJECT - ECONOMICS
TERM - I
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN
ECONOMY
Q1 Mention the 3
different classifications on the basis of which we divide the sectors Indian
economy.
A1 a) Primary,
Secondary & Tertiary sector
b) Private &
Public sector
c) Organized &
unorganized sector
Q2 Classify
industries on the basis of their economic activities with examples
A2 PRIMARY SECTOR:
This sector consists
of activities that are undertaken by directly using the natural resources. This
sector is called
primary as it forms
the base for all other products to be subsequently produced.
Example: In
activities like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the
animals & availability of
fodder; cultivation
of co on which depends on the availability natural factors like rainfall,
sunshine etc.
SECONDARY SECTOR:
It covers activities
in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that
we associate with
industrial activity. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made
& thus some
process of
manufacturing is important. This could be done in a factory, workshop or at
home. Since this sector
gradually become
associated with the different kinds of industries, it is also called industrial
sector.
Example: Using
sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar or gur; using wood to make
furniture etc.
TERTIARY SECTOR:
This sector consists
of activities that do not produce goods but they are an aid in the production
process. Since
these activities generate
services than goods, it is also called service sector.
Example: Goods
produced in primary or secondary need to be transported by trains or trucks to
be able to
reach the final
consumers; making use of banking service to borrow loan from banks to help production
&
trade.
Q3 Why the Primary
sector is also called ‘agriculture & related sector’?
A3 Since most of the
natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this
sector is also
called ‘agriculture
& related sector’.
Q4 What changes have
been bought about in the primary, secondary & tertiary sectors over a
period of
me?
A4 PRIMARY SECTOR:
a) Noted from the
histories of many (now developed) countries, primary sector was the most
important sector of
economic activity at initial stages of development.
b) As the methods of
farming changed & agricultural sector began to prosper, it produced much
more
food than before.
c) Many people could
now take up other activities. Buying & selling activities increased many
times.
d) However, at this
stage most of the goods produced were natural products from primary sector
&
most people were also
employed in this sector.
SECONDARY SECTOR:
a) Over a long me
& specially because new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories
came up & started
expanding
b) Those people who
had earlier worked on farms now began to work in factories in large numbers.
People began to use
goods that were produced in factories at cheaper rates.
c) This sector
gradually became important in the total production & employment.
d) Hence, over time,
a shift had taken place. This means that the importance of sectors had changed.
TERTIARY SECTOR:
a) In the past 100
years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in
developed
countries.
b) The service sector
has become very important in terms of the total production.
c) Most of the
working people are also employed in the service sector. This is the general
pattern
observed in developed
countries.
Q5 “Tertiary sector
has emerged as the largest producing sector in India
Explain why is the
tertiary sector becoming so important in India
A5 Following factors
can be attributed for the rising importance of the tertiary sector:
First, in any
country, several services like hospitals, banks, insurance, police station,
courts etc are required.
These can be said as
basic services which are the responsibility of government in a developing
country.
Second, the
development of agriculture & industry leads to the development of services
such as transport,
trade, storage &
the like. Thus, greater the development of primary & secondary sectors more
would be the
demand of such
services.
Third, as income
level rise, certain sections of people start demanding more services like
eating out, shopping,
private schools or
hospitals etc.
Fourth, over the past
decade or so, certain new services like those based on information &
communication
technology have
become important. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
Q6 “Not the en re
service sector is growing equally well.” Do you agree with this statement? Give
reason(s)
for your answer.
A6 Yes, not the en re
service sector is growing equally well. This is because the service sector in India
employs different
kinds of people. At the one end, there are a limited number of services that
employ highly
skilled &
educated workers. At the other end, there are a very large number of workers
engaged in services like
small shopkeepers,
repair persons, transport persons etc these people barely manage to earn a
living & yet they
perform these
services as no alternative work is available to them. Hence, only a part of
this sector is growing in
importance.
Q7 How do we
calculate the GDP of a country?
A7 GDP is the Gross
Domes c Product which is calculated by having the sum of production in the 3
sectors.
GDP is the value of
all final goods & services produced within a country during a particular
year. In India
task of measuring GDP
is undertaken by central ministry which collects information relating to total
volume of
goods & services
& their prices & then estimates the GDP.
Q8 Why are only
‘final goods & services’ counted in the GDP? Explain with the help of an
example.
A8 This is because
the value of final goods already includes the value of all intermediate goods
that are used
in making the final
good.
For example, a farmer
sells wheat to a flour mill for Rs 8 per Kg. The flour mill grinds the wheat
& sells the
flour to a biscuit
company for Rs 10 per Kg. The biscuits company in turn uses flour & other
things to make
biscuit & sells
it in the market for Rs 60. Here, the value of Rs 60 for biscuit (final good)
already includes the
value of flour (Rs
10).
Q9 “More than half of
the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in agriculture,
produce only a
quarter of GDP.” Does this statement mean that the workers in agriculture are
not producing as
much as they could?
Give reasons.
A9 It is not that the
workers in agriculture are not producing as much as they could but the real problem
is
that there are more
people in agriculture than is necessary. So, even if a few people are pulled
out from here,
production will not
be affected. Thus, workers in agriculture sector are said to be underemployed.
Also, the rate
at which these
primary products are sold in the market is less because of which their
contribution to the GDP is
also less.
Q10 Why is the
problem of underemployment hidden in nature?
A10 The problem of
underemployment is hidden in nature as people are apparently working but all of
them
are made to work less
than their potential or some people are even made to work more but are not paid
accordingly & are
thereby exploited. This is in contrast to someone who does not have a job &
is clearly visible
as unemployed.
Q11 Does the problem
of underemployment happen in others sectors also, apart from agriculture?
Substantiate with
example(s).
A11 Yes, the problem
of disguised unemployment happens in other sectors as well. For example, there
are
thousands of casual
workers in the service sector in the urban area who search for daily
employment. They are
employed as painter,
plumber etc. Many of them do not find work every day. Similarly, we see other
people in
the service sector
where they may spend the whole day but earn very little.
Q12 Why do you think
NREGA is referred to as ‘Right to work’?
A12 The central
government in India India
is called National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005. It is referred to as ‘Right to Work’ as
all those who are
able to & are in
need of work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
if the govt
fails in its duty to
provide employment, it will give unemployment allowance to the people.
Q13 What is an
organized sector of economy?
A13 Organized sector
covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are
regular
& therefore
people have assured work.
Q14 Why is the
organized sector of economy so called?
A14 This sector is
called Organized because it has some formal processes & procedures. They
are registered
by the government
& have to follow its rules & regulations which are given in various
laws such as the Factories Act,
Minimum Wages Act,
Payment of Gratuity Act etc.
Q15 What are the benefits
that are enjoyed by the people working in the organized sector?
A15 a) Workers in
this sector enjoy security of employment
b) They are expected
to work only a fixed number of hours & if they work more, they are paid
over me by the
employer.
c) They enjoy
benefits like paid leaves, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity
etc
d) They are supposed
to get medical benefits & under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure
facilities like
drinking water & safe working environment.
e) On retirement, the
workers are even entitled to pensions as well.
Q16 What is
unorganized sector of economy?
A16 This sector is
characterized by small & scattered units which are largely outside the
control of the govt.
There are rules &
regulations but which are not followed. Jobs here are low paid & even not
regular.
Q17 What are the
disadvantages that people have to suffer in the Unorganized Sector?
A17 a) There is no
job security as a lot depends on the whims of the employer & some people
may be asked
to leave.
b) There is no
provision for over me, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
Q18 In the rural
areas, who are the vulnerable people in the unorganized sector who need
protection by the
government?
A18 In the rural
areas, the unorganized sector mostly comprises of landless agricultural
laborers, small &
marginal farmers,
sharecroppers & artisans (such as weavers, carpenters, goldsmiths etc).
Nearly 80% of
the rural household
in India
through adequate
facilities for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage
facility &
marketing outlets.
Q19 In the urban
areas, who are the vulnerable people in the unorganized sector who need
protection by the
government?
A19 In the urban
areas, unorganized sector comprises mainly of the workers in small scale
industries, casual
workers in
construction, trade & transport etc & those who work as street vendors,
head load porters,
rag pickers etc.
Small scale industries also need government’s support for processing raw
material & for
marketing the output.
Similarly, the casual workers also need protection in their jobs & wages.
Q20 How do we
classify the sectors of Indian economy in terms of ownership?
A20 In terms of
ownership, we can classify the sectors as Private & Public sectors. In the
Public sector, govt
owns most of the
assets & provides all the services. Example: Railways or post office.
In Private sector,
ownership of assets & delivery of services is in the hands of private
individuals or
companies. Example:
Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL), Tata Iron & Steel Company Ltd (TISCO).
Q21 Why do we need to
have Public sector in a society when we have the Private sector providing
quality
services? Give
reasons for your answer.
A21 We need to have
Public Sector for the following reasons:
a) Advances in a
private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits. However, the purpose
of the
public sector is not
to earn profits but to provide services to the people.
b) There are several things
needed by the society as a whole but which the private sector will not
provide at a
reasonable cost as these need spending large sums of money which is beyond the
capacity
of the private
sector.
c) Also, collecting
money from thousands of people who use these facilities is not easy. Even if
the
private sector
provides these things, they would charge a high rate for their use.
Thus, governments
have to undertake such heavy spending & ensure these facilities are
available
to
all.
UNIT Term – 1 Subject – Economics
Class - X Chapter – 1 Development
Q. 1
What is Per Capita Income? 1 Mark
Ans.
It is obtained by diving national income by the population of a country i.e.
Per
Capita Income = National Income / Mid Year Population
Q. 2
What is meant by ‘economic development’? Write the two basis of measuring
economic development
of a
country? 1 Mark
Ans.
Economic development is a sustained increase in real per Capita income that
promotes economic
welfare
by reducing poverty, unemployment & inequalities in distribution of Income.
Two
basis of measuring economic development are National Income & per Capita
Income.
Q. 3
“What may be development for one may not be development for the other.” Explain
with a suitable
example.
1 Mark
Ans.
The establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural development but many people
have shifted out of
the
village, hence it may not be development for them. 1 Mark
Q. 4
Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them?
Ans.
The total income of the countries is not used to make comparisons between them
because the
population
of different countries is different. 1 Mark
Q. 5
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development?
Explain.
Ans.
It is an important criterion because it gives some idea about the rising
standard of living.
Prosperity
of a country depends not only on the size of the national income but also on
the number of people
who
would share it. 1 Mark
Q. 6
Besides the size of per capita income, which other property of income is
important in comparing two or
more
societies? 1 Mark
Ans.
Per capita income is an important but not the only criterion for development.
Along with average
income,
equitable distribution of income in a country should also be considered.
Q. 7
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? 1 Mark
Ans.
Sustainability is important for development because it results in
( i )
protecting the people against pollution ensuring their quality of life &
health.
( ii
) conserving the environment which is necessary for development.
Q. 8
What is human development index HDI? 1 Mark
Ans.
HDI is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three
important variables that
determine
the quality of life. These three variables are longevity, knowledge &
standard of living.
It is
prepared by United Nations Development program.
Q. 9
Among Punjab , Kerela & Bihar, which one
has the lowest infant mortality rate? 1 Mark
Ans.
Kerela has lowest infant mortality rate.
Q.10
How can development be sustained in an economy? Give an example with reference
to use of
resources.
1 Mark
Ans.
Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such
as ground water,
wind
energy & solar energy.
Q. 11
Why is per capita income of different countries calculated in dollars & not
in their own currencies by
the
World Bank? 1 Mark
Ans.
It is done in order to make comparisons of per capita income of different
countries possible.
Q. 12
Kerela, with low per capita has a better human development ranking than Punjab . Hence per capita
income
is not useful criterion at all & should not be used to compare states. Do
you agree? 3 Marks
Ans.
It is true that per capita income is not the only criterion behind human
development. Factors like infant
mortality
rate, literacy rate & not attendance ratio are also very crucial for
overall human development. In
these
factors Kerela is better than Punjab . However
if we are interested only in comparing two or more
states
in terms of production and income generated then per capita income is an
important criterion.
Q. 13
In what respects is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development
different from the one
used
by the World Bank? 3 Marks
Ans.
World Bank uses the criterion of per capita income (measured in dollar terms)
to classify different
countries
as high income or low income countries. Countries with per capita income of Rs
4,53,000 per
annum
& above in 2004 are rich countries & countries which have per capita
income of Rs. 37000 per
annum
or less are low income countries (according to WDR 2006). But the limitation of
this criterion is that
it
doesn’t tell us anything about the distribution of income in a country.
UNDP
uses a different criterion called human development index (HDI). HDI is a
composite index on a
scale
0-1 measured on the basis of three indicators,
a)
Longevity :- It is measured in terms of life expectancy
b)
Knowledge :- It is measured by a combination of adult literacy & combined
enrollment ratio
c)
Standard of living :- It is measured by real per capita income in dollars
The
country with 0 HDI will be at bottom & the one with 1 HDI will be at top.
All other countries are in
between.
Q. 14
‘While average income is useful for comparison but it may hide disparities’.
Discuss.
Ans.
Per capita income is an important criterion for development is considered to be
one of the most
important
attributes for comparing countries but is suffers from the following
limitations:
( i )
Per capita income doesn’t tell us anything about the distribution of income. A
poor country with a more
equal
distribution of income would be better off than a richer country with unequal
distribution of income.
( ii
) Per capita income doesn’t measure various facilities & services that
influence quality of life e.g. health
facilities,
education facilities, equal treatment etc.
( iii
) It is effected by size of population. Even with a large national income, per
capita income will be
low
if a country has large population.
Q. 15
Distinguish between economic development & human development. 4 Marks
Ans.
Human
Development
1. It
refers to human centered approach towards development. It focuses on people
& qualitative
improvement
in human life.
2. It
is indicated by human development index.
3. It
is a under term & includes economic development also.
4. It
considers human welfare. Should be increased through investments in education
& health.
Economic
Development
1. It
refers to sustained increase in real per capita income that promotes economic
welfare by reducing
poverty,
unemployment & inequalities in distribution of income.
2. It
can be indicated by national income & per capita income.
3. It
is narrower term as compared to economic development.
4. It
considers people can be made better off by increasing their command over goods
and services.
Q. 16
How does industrial pollution degrade the environment? Explain three measures
to control
environmental
degradation. 4 Marks
Ans.
Industrial pollution degrades the environment in the following ways :
( i )
Air is polluted by the gases.
( ii
) Dust, fume, mist, spray and smoke contain particles.
( iii
) Industrial effluents pollute rivers.
( iv
) Paper pulp, textiles, chemicals etc. industries pollute land & soil due
to toxic materials.
Steps
to control environmental degradation are :
( i )
Careful planning & setting of industries.
( ii
) Better equipment
( iii
) Proper fuel selection & utilization.
( iv
) Treatment of industrial liquids.
Q. 17
Identify the different thrust areas of human development. Which one of them
plays the most
significant
role in the development? 4 Marks
Ans.
Human development is a human centered approach towards development. It focuses
on people.
It is
concerned with them and their well being, their needs, choices &
aspirations.
Human
development is a wider term which not only includes economic development but
also includes
development
of one’s knowledge & educational capabilities as well as one’s health
conditions so that one
may
lead a healthy and long life. Human development aims at building of different
human capabilities so
that
one may make use of natural resource, have sustainable development have better
personal & social
security
& to ensure a decent standard of living.
Q.18
“Do the two terms –economic growth and economic development mean the same
thing”.
Discuss.
3 Marks
Ans.
No, they are different. Economic growth can be defined as a process whereby a
country’s real national
income
increases over a period of time. On the other hand economic development is a
process of long-term
increase
in income as well as with achieving a more equitable income distribution and
poverty alleviation.
Thus
economic development is a wider concept than economic growth.
Q.19
Describe briefly four steps taken by the Indian government for raising the
status of women at par with
that
of men. 4 Marks
Ans.
(i) Women are given the equal right to vote like those of men
(ii)
the government of India
has declared dowry as illegal and now no one can force the other party to give
dowry.
(iii)
To impart education to girls various schools and colleges have been opened.
(iv)
Gender empowerment focusses on opportunities and participation in decision
making process and
values.
(v)
Women have been recognised as a separate target group in our development
planning, for raising their
status
at par with that of men. To achieve the above objective the National Commission
for women was set
up in
January 1992.
Q20
Explain two main reasons for the need of environment friendly economic growth
and also explain two
suggestions
to achieve them. 4 Marks
Ans.
Reasons for need of environment friendly economic growth are:
(i)
Present production technology has polluted atmosphere and water bodies with
garbage, smoke
and
poisnous gases.
(ii)
Rapid economic growth and industrialisation have led to natural resources (like
fossil fuels).
Suggestions
to achieve it:
(i)
Increased use of renewable and clean sources of energy, less use of fossil
fuels, organic farming.
(ii) Measures to reduce global warming and global limits on
carbon emissions etc.
COMPREHENSIVE NOTES-
CH1-RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
GEOGRAPHY- X CLASS
TERM-I (2013-2014 )
Q1: Why is resource planning important in
country like India
Ans: Resource Planning in India India
(a) There is enormous diversity in the
availability of resources.
(b) There are regions which are rich in
certain types of resources and deficient in other resources
Q2: Mention the most satisfactory feature
of land use pattern of our country?
Ans: The most satisfactory feature of land
use pattern of our country is the Barren and Waste
land has reduced from 12.01% (1960-61) to
6.29% (2002-03).
Q3: Which is the most unsatisfactory
feature of our land use pattern?
Ans: Land under forests has changed
marginally. Forest area is 22.54% which is far
lower than
the desired 33% as outlined in the
National Forest Policy(1952).
Q4: Why has the land under forest not
increased much since1960-61?
Ans: Large scale development projects,
industrialization and urbanization as well as agricultural
expansion have widely reduced forest cover
in various parts of our country. Though afforestation
and social forestry measures have been
adopted, it has lead to only a marginal increase in the
forest area
Q5: Distinguish between Bangar and Khadar
soil?
Ans:
Bangar Soil Khadar Soil
1. It isan old alluvial soil. 1. It is a
newer alluvial soil.
2. It is found away from the rivers 2. It
is found close to rivers valleys
3. It is less Fertile.
4It has high concentration of kankars
nodules
and is coarse
5It is dark in colour
3. It is more Fertile
4It has fine particles and is quite
smooth.
5It is light in colour
Q6:DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
Ans A)RESOURCE-everything available in our
environment which can be used to satisfy our
needs ,provided ,it is technologically
accessible,economically feasible and culturally acceptable
can be termed as resource.
b)SOIL EROSION-the denudation of the soil
cover and subsequent washing down is described
as soil erosion.
c)BADLAND-the running water,cuts through
the clayey soils and makes deep channels as
gullies .the land thus becomes unfit for
cultivation ,is known as badland.
Q7:EXPLAIN THE HUMAN ACTIVITIES
RESPONSIBLE FOR LAND DEGRADATION IN
Ans Some human activities which
contributed significantly in land degradation in our country
are following
MINING AND DEFORESTATION-Mining sites are
abandoned after excavation work is
complete leaving deep scars and traces of
over burdening .In states like Jharkhand
.Chhattisgarh,Madhya Pradesh and Orissa
deforestation due to mining have caused severe land
degradation.
2 OVERGRAZING: Due to overgrazing grasses
are uprooted and land is
exposed to soil erosion .In states like Gujarat ,Rajasthan ,Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
overgrazing is one of the main reasons for
land degradation .
3.OVER IRRIGATION: it is responsible for
land degradation due to water logging leading to
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the
soil .in the states of punjab ,haryana and western uttar
pradesh over irrigation is the main cause
of land degradation.
4:MINERAL PROCESSING:the mineral
proccessing like grinding of limestone for cement
industry generate huge quantity of dust in
the atmosphere.it retards the process of infiltration of
water into the soil after it settles down
on the land .
5.INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS :industrial
effluents as waste .which are discharged without
treatment,have become a major source of
land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Q8:WHAT ARE THE MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL LAND
DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDIA
Ans.Measures taken to control land
degradation in different regions of india
1.AFFORESTRATION AND PROPER MANAGEMENT OF
GRAZING-it can help to some
extent .it helps in binding the soil and
reduces the chances of occurence of.
2.PLANTING OF SHELTER BELTS OF PLANTS
,CONTROL ON OVER GRAZING.
3STABILISATION OF SAND DUNES BY GROWING
THORNY BUHES are the suitable
measures taken in arid and semi arid
regions.they help in binding the soil with the roots and also
reduce the speed of wind.
4.PROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE LANDS,CONTROL
OF MINING ACTIVITIES
,PROPER DISCHARGE AND DISPOSAL INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENTS AND WASTES after
treatment can reduce land and water
degradation in industrial and sub urban areas.
Q9:HOW HAVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT LED TO MORE
CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES?
Ans.Human beings interact with nature
through technology and create institutions to accelerate
their economic development.in this process
they often consume resources more in quantity
which cause depletion of resources .as
more technological development occurs ,there is
increased need of input and utilization of
resources .for example, more factories providing
employment to more people is a necessity
.for the factory ,land and metal (for machines)are
used. For this mining of minerals
increases causing land degradation and depletion of mineral
resources of a certain area. As technical
or technological development is closely linked to
economic development we can say that both
of these have led to more consumption of resources.
Q10:SUGGEST METHODS TO CONTROL SOIL
EROSION.
Ans Methods are as follows:
1.CONTOUR PLOUGHING-ploughing in a wrong
way i.e. and down the slope form channels
for the quick flow of water leading to
soil erosion ,whereas ploughing along the contour lines can
decelerate the flow of water down the
slopes .this helps in controlling soil erosion.
2. TERRACE CULTIVATION-steps can be cut on
the slopes making terraces .terrace farming
restricts the speed of running water and
controls soil erosion .western and central
3. STRIP CROPPING-large fields can be
divided into strips .strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops .this breaks up the
force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
4.SHELTER BELT-planting lines of trees to
create shelter also helps in breaking up of the force
of the wind .rows of such trees are called
shelter belts .these shelter belts have contributed
significantly to the stabilization of sand
dunes and in stabilizing the deserty in western india
Q11:EXPLAIN BLACK SOIL UNDER THE FOLLOWING
HEADSA)
FORMATION B)DISTRIBUTION C)NUTRIENTS
D)OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Ans The black soil is black in colour and
is also known as regur soil.
a) Formation-it is believed that climatic
conditions along with the parent rock material are the
important factors for the formation of
black soil. It is made of lava flows.
b)Distribution-this type of soil is
typical of the Deccan trap (basalt )region
spread over
northwest Deccan
plateau .it covers the plateaus of Maharashtra
, saurashtra, malwa , Madhya
pradesh ,Chhattisgarh and extend in the
southeast direction along the Godavari and the
Krishna
valleys.
c) Nutrients-it is rich in soil nutrients
such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. It
is generally poor in phosphoric contents.
d)Other characteristics-black soil is
ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton
soil.
It is made up of extremely fine clayey
material and is well known for its capacity to hold water.
It develops deep cracks during hot weather
which helps in the proper aeration of the soil .it is
sticky when wet and difficult to work on
unless tilled immediately after the first shower or
during the pre monsoon period.
Q12:GIVE A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE LAND
USE PATTERN IN INDIA
Ans .The total area of india
available only for about 93%of the total
area .the land is used for following purposes:
1. Net sown area-43.41%area of the total
reporting area is in this category. The pattern of NSA
varies greatly one state to another .it is
over 80%of the total area in punjab and haryana and less
than 10%in arunachal pradesh ,Mizoram ,
Manipur and Andaman and nicobar islands.
2. Fallow land-fallow other than the
current fallow land is 3.82%of the total reported area. These
lands are cultivated once or twice in
about two to three years as either these are of poor quality or
the cost of cultivation of such land is
very high. If these are included in the NSA then the %of
NSA in india
3. Permanent pasture-the land under
permanent pasture has decreased in last few decades .it is
quite difficult for the farmers to feed
huge cattle .population on this pasture land and it has
affected the production of milk and other
animal products
4. Forest
area -forest area in our country is far lower than the desired 33%of the
geographical
area, as it was outlined in the national
forest policy (1952).in our country 22.57%of the total
reported area is under forest. It was
considered essential to have one third of the total area under
forests for the maintenance of the
ecological balance. The livelihood of the millions of people
who live on the fringes of these forests
depends upon it.
5. Land not available for cultivationa.
Barren waste land- it includes rocky, arid
and desert areas. Land under this category reduced
from 12.01% to 6.29% which is the most
satisfactory feature of our land use pattern.
b. Land put to other non-agricultural
uses- it includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. it
increased from 4.95% to 7.29% in last few
decades due to increasing population,
industrialization and urbanization.
Q13:What are the problems associated with
indiscriminate use of resources? how
can it be solved?
Ans.Resources are vital for human survival
as well as for maintaining the quality of life. It was
believed that resources are the free gifts
of nature . as a result, human beings used them
indiscriminately and this has led to the
following major problems:
a. Depletion of resources for satisfying
the greed of few individuals.
b. Accumulation of resources in few hands,
which in turn, divided the society into rich and
poor.
c. Indiscriminate exploitation of
resources has led to global ecological crises such as global
warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental pollution and land degradation.
d. SOLUTION: an equitable distribution of
resources has become essential for a sustained
quality of life and global peace. Resource
planning is essential for sustainable existence
of all forms of life.
Q14: Distinguish between biotic and
abiotic resources.
BIOTIC RESOURCES ABIOTIC RESOURCES
These are obtained from biosphere i.e.
living
resources.
These are obtained from the non-living
resources.
Some of these resources are renewable.
They are non- renewable but some are
recycled.
Eg: flora and fauna Eg: rocks, minerals,
air and water
Q15: Distinguish between renewable and
non-renewable resources.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
Resources which can be renewed or
reproduced
by physical, chemical and mechanical
processes
Resources which cannot be renewed or
reproduced.
They get renewed over a short period of
time. They occur over a very long geological period
(millions of years).
They are unlimited and are not exhausted.
They are limited in their availability and are
exhausted
These are further divided into continuous
or
flow and biological.
These are divided into recyclable and
nonrecyclable.
Eg: water, wind , forest, wildlife, solar
energy. Eg: minerals and fossil fuels.
Q16: distinguish between individual
resources and national resources.
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES NATIONAL RESOURCES
These are owned by individuals privately
These resources belong to the nation
Many farmers own land which is allotted to
the
government against the payment of revenue.
The country has legal powers to acquire
even
private property for public good. At times
roads and canals are constructed by
acquiring
the private property.
In villages these are the people with land
ownership but many are landless. In urban
areas people own plots, houses, ponds,
water
wells etc.
Urban Development Authorities get
empowered by the govt. to acquire land.
all
minerals , water, forests, wildlife, land
within
the political boundaries and territorial
water
belong to the nation.
Q17: Name four broad types of soils found
in India
which are most important and widespread.
A: four major types of soil found in India
a. Alluvial soil
b. Black soil
c. Red and yellow soil
d. Laterite soil
Alluvial soil is the most important and
widespread soil in India
Two characteristics of alluvial soil:
a. This soil is formed by deposition of
materials brought down by rivers
b. It is highly fertile. It is rich in
potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
Q18: State the diverse relief features of India
A: India
PLAINS: about 43% of the land is plains which is agriculturally
and industrially
productive.
MOUNTAINS: mountains account for 30% of the total area and are the
source of many
perennial rivers, promote tourism and
development of horticulture.
PLATEAUS: about 27% of the land area of the country are the
plateaus which are the
storehouse of minerals, forest and fossil
fuels. They form the backbone of the country’s
economy in promoting the development of
industries.
Q19’ Resources are the functions of human
beings’ Justify the statement
Ans The process of transformation of t
he resources
available in our environment involves an
interdependent relationship between nature,
technology and institutions. Human
beings interact with nature through A The process of
transformation of things available in
our environment involves an interdependent technology
and create institutions to accelerate their economic
development .Human beings themselves are
essential components of resources .They
transform the material available in our environment
into resources and use them.
Q20 ‘Resource planning is a complex
process’.Justify
OR
Explain three important stages involved in
the process of resource planning.
Ans Resource planning is a complex process
which involves-:
i)Identification and inventory of
resources across the regions of the country. This involves
surveying ,mapping and qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of the
resources.
ii)Evolving a planning structure endowed
with appropriate technology,skill and institutional set
up for implementing resource development
plans.
iii)Matching the resource development
plans with overall national development plans
Q21 Write important features of laterite
soil .
Ansi) The laterite soil develops in areas
with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
ii)This is the result of intense leaching
due to heavy rain.
iii)Humus content is low due to
micro-organisms particularly the decomposers ,like bacteria,get
destroyed due to high temperature
iv)Laterite soils are suitable for
cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.
Q22 Describe the characteristics of arid
soils.
Ans i) Arid soils range from red to brown
in colour.
ii) They are generally sandy in texture
and saline in nature.
iii)Due to the dry climate, high
temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and
moisture.
iv) The lower horizons of the soil are
occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium
content downwards. The kankar layer
formations in the bottom horizons restricts the
infiltrations of water.
v)After proper irrigation these soils
become cultivable as has been in the case of Rajasthan.
Q23Write important features of Red and
Yellow soils
Ans i) Red soil develops on crystalline
igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall.
ii)These soils develop a reddish colour
due to diffusion of iron in crystalline igneous and
metamphoric rocks.
iii)It looks yellow when it occurs in a
hydrated form
iv) These soils are found in parts of
Orissa ,Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga
plain and along
the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats
CLASS-X GEOGRAPHY(TERM-I)
COMPREHENSIVE NOTES (2013- 2014)
CHAPTER-2 FOREST AND
WILDLIFE RESOURCES
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3MARKS)
1 “India
diversity” Support the statement with three facts.
Ans Three
facts arei)
world(estimated to be 1.6 million )
ii) Over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of
flora are found in our
country.
iii)Of the estimated 47,000 species of flora 15,000
flowering species are endemic to
2 Attempt the classification of plants and animal
species given by International
examples of each.
Ans The
different categories of existing plants and animal species based on the IUCN
are
as followsi)
NORMAL SPECIES-Species
whose population levels are in danger considered to
be normal for their survival such as cattle, sal
,pine, rodents etc
ii) VULNERABLE SPECIES-Species whose population has declined to levels from
where it is likely to move into the endangered category
in the near future if the negative
factors continue to operate such as Blue sheep,
Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin
iii)ENDANGERED SPECIES-Species which are in danger of extinction.Thesurvival
of such species is difficult if the negative factors
that have led to a decline in their
population continue to operate. The examples are black
buck ,crocodile
Indian wild ass, sangai etc
iv) RARE SPECIES- Species with small population may move into the endangered
or vulnerable category if the negative factors
effecting them continue to operate
.the examples are Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic
buffalo, desert fox and
hornbill.
v)ENDEMIC SPECIES-These
are species which are only found in some particular
areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers
such as Andaman teal,
Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, Mithun in Arunachal
Pradesh
vi) EXTINCT SPECIES-These are species which are not found after searches of
known or likely areas where they may occur.These
species may be extinct from
local area, region ,country, continent or the entire
earth.Examples are the Asiatic
cheetah, pink head duck
3 When was ‘Project tiger’ launched? Write important
features of this project.
Ans ‘Project Tiger’ was launched in 1973.
i) There are 27 tiger reserves in India
ii)Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an
effort to save endangered
species but with equal importance as a means of
preserving biotypes off sizable
magnitude.
iii)Corbett
National Park Sunderbans
National Park
reserves in India
4 Differentiate between –Reserved forests and
protected forests
RESERVED FORESTS PROTECTED FORESTS
These are
maintained for the purpose of These forests are protected from
producing timber and other forest produce depletion
More than
half of the total forest land has Almost one third of the total forest
been declared as reserved forest area is declared as
protected forest
Madhya
Pradesh,Jammu-Kashmir,Andhra Bihar, Punjab ,
Haryana,Himachal
Pradesh, Uttranchal,Kerala, Maharashatra
Pradesh,Orissa,Rajasthan have
Tamilnadu and West Bengal
have large bulk of their foretst under protected
under reserved forests forests
5 ‘The destruction of forest and wildlife is
strongly co-related with the loss of
cultural diversity”Justify the statement with suitable
facts.
AnsThe
destruction of forest and wildlife has affected the livelihood of many
communities who are directly dependent on forests.
They depend on forest for their
food,medicine,drink,livelihood culture and
spirituality. In certain societies women are
involved in fuel collection,fodder for animals and
water for their basic needs. Due to
large scale daforestation these forest products are
not available to them and the life of
these people, especially women is largely aeffected.
Women have to go in search offood, water, fuel over
long distances leaving their family
for long time resulting in social tensions.
It has also resulted in severe droughts and floods
which has affected these communities
very badly. These people live inextreme poverty which
is the direct result of the
environmental degradation
6Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife?
Ans i)Conservation
preserves the ecology diversity and our life support system-water, air
And soil.
ii)It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants
and animals for better growth of
species and breeding.For example, in agriculture we
are still dependent on
traditional varities of crop.Fisheries too are heavily
dependent on the maintenance
acquatic biodiversity
7Give some examples of flora and fauna conserved by
people through their cultural
and religious practices.
AnsExamples of flora and fauna conserved by people
through their cultural and religious
pratices are following
i)The Mundas and Santhals of Chhotanagpur region
worship mahua and kadamba
trees
ii)The tribals of Orissa and Bihar
worship the tamarind and the mango trees during
weddings.
iii)Other trees like tulsi, peepal and banyan are
also considered sacred.
iv) Troops of macaques and langurs around many
temples are fed daily and treated as
a part of temple devotees
v) In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan,herds
of blackbuck,nilgai and peacock
can be seen as an integral part of the community and
nobody harms them
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS(5 MARKS)
8Write the steps taken by the government for the
conservation of flora and fauna in
Ans The
following steps have been taken by the government conservation of flora and
faunai)
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was enacted in
1972 .An all-India list of
protected species was also published.
Hunting of endangered species was banned and trading
in wildlife was
restricted
ii)National parks,Wildlife sanctuaries andBird
sanctuaries were established
iii)Special programmes like ‘Project Tiger’, ‘Project
Rhino’ have been taken up to
conserve these species
iv)Under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986 several
hundered butterflies,moths, beetles
have been added to the list of protected species
v) In 1991, for the first time plants were also added
to the list , starting with six
species.
9What are the negative factors that cause depletion of
flora and fauna in India
Ans The
negative factors responsible for depletion of flora and fauna in India
During the colonial period due to the expansion
of the railways,mining
scientific and commercial forestry and agriculture
there was a huge loss of the
Indian forests
ii)Even after independence,agricultural expansion continued
and between1951-1980
according to the Forest Survey of India, over 26,200
sq km of forest area was
converted into agricultural land all over India
iii)Substantial parts of the tribal belts, especially
in the north- eastern and the central
agriculture.
iv) Large scale developmental projects like
Narmada Sagar Project of Madhya
Pradesh would inundate 40,000 hectares of forest.
v)Mining is another important factor,mainly the
Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal
is seriously threatened by dolomite mining.It has
disturbed the natural habitat of
many species and migration route of animals,especially
the great Indian Elephant.
vi)Many foresters and environmentalists hold the view
that the greatest degrading
factors behind the depletionof forest resources are
grazing and fuel wood collection
10Analyse the various factors responsible for the
decline in India
Ans The
various factors responsible for the decline in India
i)Habitat destruction
ii) Hunting
iii)Poaching
iv) Over-exploitation
v) Environmental pollution
vi) Poisoning
vii) Forest fires
viii)Unequal access
ix) Inequitable consumption of resources
x) Differential sharing of responsibility for
environmental well-being
For example an average American consumes 40 times more
resources than an
average Somalian.
The richest 5% of Indian society probably cause more
ecological damage due to
The amount they consume than the poorest 25%.Rich
people share minimum
responsibility for environmental well-being
11 Describe how communities have conserved and
protected forest and wildlife in
Ans The communities have conserved forest and wildlife
in the following waysi)
In Sariska tiger reserve.Rajasthan , villagers
have fought against mining by
citing the Wildlife Protection Act
ii)The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar
district of Rajasthan have declared
1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhirodev Dakav
‘Sonchuri’declaring their own set
of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting
and are protecting the wildlife
against any outside encroachment.
iii) The famous ‘Chipko movement’ in the Himalayas has not only successfully
resisted deforestation in several areas but has also
shown that community
afforestation with indigenous species can be
enormously successful.
iv) Farmers and citizen’s group like Beej Bachao
Andolan inTehri and Navdanya
have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop
production without the use of
synthetic chemicals are possible and economically
viable
v) The Joint Forest Mnagement(JFM)Programme is
a good example of how local
communities were involved in the management and
restoration of degraded forests.
The programme has been in formal existence since 1988
when the state of Orissa
passed the first resolution for joint forest
management.JFM depends on the
formation of local institutions that undertake
protection activities mostly on
degraded forest land managed by forest department.In
return the members of these
communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like
non timber forest products
and share in the timber
harvested by ‘succesful protection’.
COMPREHENSIVE NOTES
TERM I (2013-2014)
GEOGRAPHY CLASSX
CH-4 AGRICULTURE
Q1.) Define the term ‘agriculture’
Ans- the science or practice of cultivating soil and
rearing animals is known as
agriculture.
Q2.) What is called Jhumming cultivation in Madhya
Pradesh ?
Ans- The jhumming cultivation in Madhya Pradesh is
called ‘ Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’
Q3.) Name the states of India
Ans- With increasing population, the pressure on land
is continuously increasing.
Therefore, in all the densely populated states of India
norm eg. in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra ,
Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat .
Q4.)What is the main characteristic of commercial
agriculture?
Ans- The main characteristic of commercial farming is
the use of higher doses of modern
inputs like HYV seeds, commercial fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides in order to
obtain higher productivity.
Q5.) Rice an example of a crop which may be commercial
in one region and may provide
subsistence crop in another region.
Ans-Rrice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab , but in Orissa it is a subsistence
crop
Q6.) What is meant by leguminous plants?
Ans- leguminous plants are those plants that help to
restore the fertility of the soil as their
small nodes absorb nitrogen from the air and fix it
into the soil. All pulses are
leguminous.
Q7.) What is sericulture?
Ans – the rearing of silk worms for the production of
silk is called sericulture
Q8.) What is horticulture?
Ans- intensive cultivation of fruits, flowers and
vegetables for the commercial purpose is
known as horticulture
Q9.) Name the short cropping season practiced in india
this period.
Ans- Zaid is the season and watermelon, muskmelon,
cucumber, vegetables and fodder
crops are grown in this season.
Q10.) What is called as the ‘golden fiber’ of India
Ans- Jute is called the golden fiber of India
ropes and yarns
Q11.) Name the important millets grown in this area.
Ans- Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets
grown In India.
Q12.) Why is there enormous pressure on agricultural
land in intensive subsistence
farming?
Ans- The right of inheritance leading to the division
of land among successive
generations has rendered land – holding size
uneconomical. The famers continue to take
maximum output from the limited land in the absence of
alternative sources of livelihood.
Thus there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.
Q13.) Which is the most classic example of plantation
crop grown in India
major producing states.
Ans- tea is the most classic example of plantation
crop grown in India
planting states are Assam West
Bengal .
Q14.) Which variety of coffee is mainly grown in
India?
Ans- Arabica coffee is mainly grown in India.
Q15.) What is the other name for white revolution?
Ans- Operation flood is the other name for white
revolution.
Q16.) Name the 4 major fiber crops grown in India
And- Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the 4
major fiber crops in India
are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the
latter is obtained from cocoons of the
silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry
Q17.) What is India
Q18.) What was the main focus of the first 5 year plan
for agriculture?
Ans- Land reforms was the main focus of the first 5
year plan for agriculture.
Q19.) What is the position of India
Ans – our country is the 3nd largest producer of rice
in the world after china.
Q20.) Name the cereal crop of India
Ans- Maize is the cereal crop of India
Q21.) How is the agriculture important for Indian
economy?
Employment
– 2/3 of the population is engaged in agricultural activities so it is
the main source for livelihood.
Food
security – agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food
that we consume.
Raw
material – it also provides raw material for various industries eg. paper
industry, textile industry.
Export-
some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices etc are also exported
and our country earns a good amount of income through
it.
Q23.) Write differences b/w rabi and kharif season
RABI KHARIF
1.)Rabi crops are sown in winter 1.) Kharif crops are
grown with the
From October to December and onset of monsoon in
different
Harvested in summer from April and June. Parts of the
country and these
Are harvested in September
And October
2.) Some of the important rabi crops are wheat,
2.)Important crops grown during
barley, peas, gram and mustard this season are paddy,
maize,
jowar, bajra, tur, mong, urad,
cotton, jute, groundnut and
soybean
3.) States from the north and north –western parts 3.)
Important rice growing region
such as Punjab ,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, are Assam
Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal
Orrisa, Andhra Pradesh,
are important for the production of wheat and Tamil
Nadu, Kerela,
other rabi crops. Maharashtra, Utter Pradesh
and Bihar
CROP TEMPERATURE
RAINFALL SOIL OTHERCONDITIONS DISTRIBUTION OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS
Rice 25c 100cm
alluvial
Requires high
humidity, in areas
of less rainfall
grown with the
help of irrigation
coastal areas of
Orissa
,Andhra Pradesh,
Tamilnadu ,Kerala and
Maharashtra, parts of
Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar
largest producer
of rice in the
world after China
Wheat (Rabi
Crop)
Cool growing
season and a
bright sunshine at
the time of
ripening
50 - 75 cm
Black and
Loamy Soil
-
• Two important
wheat growing zones
are the Ganga and
Satluj plains in the
north west and black
soil regions of the
Deccan.
• Major States –
Pradesh, Bihar ,
Rajasthan and parts
of
Madhya Pradesh.
• Second most
important cereal
crop.
• Main food crop
in North and
North Western
part of India
Maize (Kharif
Crop)
21˚C
- 27˚C
-
Old Alluvial
Soil
Use of HYVs,
fertilizers and
irrigation have
contributed to the
increasing
production
Karnataka, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar , Andhra
Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.
• Crop used as
both food and
fodder.• In Bihar,
it is grown in Rabi
season as well.
Sugarcane 21˚C
- 27˚C
75 - 100 cm and
IRRIGATION
needed in low
rainfall areas
Variety of
Soils
Tropical as well as
Sub-Tropical Crop
and also needs
manual labour
Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar ,
• Second largest
producer after
• Main source of
sugar, gur,
khandsari and
molasses.
Tea (Plantation
Crop)
20˚C
- 30˚C
150 - 300 cm and
needs frequent
showers evenly
distributed for
the tender
growth of the
leaves.
Deep and
fertile well
drained soil,
rich in
humus and
organic
matter.
Labor Intensive and
Warm & Moist
frost
free climate. It also
needs abundant,
cheap and skilled
labour.
Jalpaiguri district
in
Nadu, Kerala are
major
producers. Others
also
include Himachal
Pradesh, Uttaranchal,
Meghalaya, Andhra
Pradesh and Tripura
India is the leading
producer and
exporter in the
world
Coffee
(Plantation
15˚C
- 28˚C
150 -
200 cm - -
Initially introduced
on
Baba Budan Hills even
today cultivation is
confined to Nilgiri
in
Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu
• Produces 4 % of
the world’s coffee.
• Arabica – Good
quality coffee,
great demand in
international
market.
Rubber
(Plantation
& (Equatorial
Crop)
25˚C
and Moist
and humid
climate
200 cm -
Tropical and Sub
Tropical Areas
Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and
Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, Garo hills
of
Meghalaya
• Rubber is an
important
industrial raw
material.• Ranks
fifth among the
World’s Natural
Rubber producers.
Cotton (Kharif
Crop)
High temperature
and bright
sunshine for its
growth are
needed
Light rainfall or
irrigation
Black Soil
210 frost free days
and requires 6 - 8
months to mature
Maharasthra, Gujarat ,
Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh
• Main
raw
material for
cotton textile
industry.
• India
largest producer
of cotton in the
world.
Jute
High temperature
during growth
-
Well
drained
fertile soils
in the flood
plains
-
Meghalaya
• Known as the
golden fibre
• Used for making
gunny bags, mats,
ropes, yarn,
carpets and other
artefacts.
Pulses (Tur, Urad,
Moong are Kharif
Crops. Masur,
Peas, Gram are
Rabi Crops.)
-
Need less
moisture and
survive even in
dry conditions
- -
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Karnataka
• India
largest producer
as well as
consumer of
pulses in the
world.• These are
the major source
of protein in the
vegetarian diet.•
Major pulses
grown in India
Tur (Arhar), Urad,
Moong, Masur,
Peas and Gram.•
Leguminous crop
(except ARHAR) –
Help in restoring
fertility by fixing
Nitrogen from the
air. Therefore
grown in rotation
with other crops.
Oilseeds - - - -
• Groundnut is a
Kharif
Crop and accounts for
about 50 % of major
oilseeds produced in
is the leading
producer
followed by Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka,
Linseed and Mustard
are Rabi Crops.•
Sesamum is a Kharif
Crop in north and
Rabi
Crop in South.•
Castor
Seed is grown both as
Kharif and Rabi
season
crop.
• India
largest producer
of oilseeds in the
world.• Covers 12
% of the total
cropped area of
the country.•
Main oilseeds
produced in India
are – groundnut,
mustard, coconut,
sesamum,
soyabean, castor
seeds, cotton
seeds, linseed and
sunflower.• Used
as a medium of
cooking.• Used as
a raw material in
the production of
soap, cosmetics
and ointments.•
After extracting oil
residue is used as
cattle fodder.
Q24.) Distinguish between subsistence and commercial
agriculture
Ans= The differences are :-
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
1.) Subsistence agriculture is practiced on 1.)
commercial agriculture is done on
small patches of land with the help of large scale
with the use of huge
primitive tools like doe, hoe and digging doses of
modern inputs eg- HYV
sticks. Seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides.
2.) Farmers and his family produce cereals
for themselves and for the local market. 2.) crops are
grown with a view to 3 3) It is labour intensive where most of
the export them to other countries. Export them to
other counteries
3)It is labour intensive where most of the
activities are done by family and community 3) It is
capital intensive where much
labour of the work is done by machines
4)It is practiced in thickly populated areas 4) It is
practiced in sparsely populated
Areas.
5) Wheat, maize, millets etc are raised 5) Cotton,
jute,coffee etc are raised
Q25.) Write important features of plantation
agriculture?
Ans= Important features of plantation agriculture :-
Plantation
is a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is
grown on a large area
The
plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry plantation cover large
tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs,
with the help of migrant laborers.
All the
produce is used as raw material in respective industries. Since the production
is mainly for markets, a well developed
network of transport and communication connecting the
plantation areas, processing industries and markets play an important
role in the development of plantations.
In India
tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane and banana etc. are important plantation crops.
Q 26.) Explain the technological and institutional
reforms introduced by the government to improve the agricultural production in
India..
Ans = In the 1980’s and 1990’s a comprehensive land
development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and
technical reforms
Technological reforms :-
Highyielding
and early maturing seeds are developed. They are now being increasingly used to
raise productivity.
Chemical
fertilizers are being used on a large scale to increases farm yields and
productivity. They are now being
supplemented by bio fertilizers which greatly add to
the fertility of the soil.
Irrigation
methods- the flooding of water is now being replaced by drip- irrigation and
the use of sprinklers.
The water
pump replaced the Persian wheel, the plough by tiller and harrow drawn by the
tractor, the bullock cart by truck
Institutional reforms :-
LAND
REFORMS – it was the main focus of our ‘first five year plan’. The right of
inheritance had already lead to fragmentation
of land holidays necessitating consolidation of land
holdings.
a) Consolidation of land holiding - the government
took the step of promoting consolidation of small and scattered
holdings through chakbandi. The larger plots have
become economically more productive. They save farmer’s time,
money and energy.
b) Abolition of zamindari – zamindari system was
abolished. Farmers became land owners. Earlier cultivated land was
owned by the zamindars who themselves did not
cultivate the land, instead they exploited the actual cultivators. On
becoming the owners of the land, the peasants took
cultivation seriously. Agriculture production started increasing.
Provision
for crop insurance – provision for crop insurance against drought, flood,
cyclone, fire, and disease was
another step to provide protection to the farmers
against losses caused by these calamities.
Loan
facilities– grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan
facilities to the farmers at lower
rates of interest were some important steps in this
direction.
Special
bulletins and agricultural programme – special weather bulletins and
agricultural programme for farmers
were introduced on the radio and TV.
Minimum
support price – the government also announces minimum support price,
remunerative and procurement
prices for important crops to check the exploitation
of farmers by speculators and middle men.
OTHER SCHEMES – kisan credit card, personal accident
insurance scheme are some other schemes introduced by the government of
Q 27.) What are the concerted efforts made by the
government of India
Ans- Considering the importance of agriculture in
India, the government of India made concerted efforts to modernize
agriculture:-
Establishment
of Indian council of agricultural research and agricultural universities.
Providing
veterinary services and animal breeding centers
Horticulture
development.
Research
and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given
priority for improving Indian
agriculture
Apart
from this, improving the rural infrastructure was considered essential for the
same.
Q28.) Why are farmers in India withdrawing their
investment from agriculture?
Ans- Farmers are withdrawing their investment from
agriculture for the following reasons:-
Today,
Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition
Our
government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in
agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power,
rural roads, market and mechanization.
Subsidy
on fertilizer is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
Moreover,
reduction in import duties on agriculture products have proved detrimental to
agriculture in the country.
Q29.) Write short note on horticulture.
is well known for:-
Mangoes
of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Oranges
of kerela,Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Lichi and
guava of Utter Pradesh and Bihar .
Pineapples
of Meghalaya.
Grapes of
Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
Apples,
pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu
and Kashmir
There is a great demand of these the world over. India
pea, cauliflower, onion,
cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
GEOGRAPHY CLASS X
COMPREHENSIVE NOTES
TERM-I (2013-2014)
CH3 WATER RESOURCES
Q1 How is fresh water obtained?
Ans Fresh water is mainly obtained from surface-runoff
and ground water.
Q2 How the fresh water becomes a renewable resource?
Ans Water is continually being renewed and recharged
through the hydrological cycle .
Q3 Why is the availability of water resources varies
and time due to the variation in
seasonal and annual precepitation. over space and
time?
Ans The availability of water resources varies over
space
Q4 Why does an area suffer from water scarcity
although water is available in ample
amount to meets the needs of people?
Ans Even if there is ample amount of water to meet the
needs of the people much of it
may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes
chemicals , and, pesticides fertilizers
used in agriculture, thus making it hazardous for
human use.
Q5 What has happened to India
Ans India
population growth, agricultural modernization,
urbanization and industrialization.
Q6 Why should we conserve water resource?
Ans We need to conserve water resource-
To safeguard ourselves from health hazards
To ensure food security
To continue our livelihoods
For productive activities
To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems
Q7When was Bhopal
Ans Bhopal lake was built in 11th century.
Q8What is a dam?
Ans A dam is a barrier across flowing water that
obstructs, directs or retards the flow
,often creating a reservoir ,lake or impoundment. Dam
refers to a reservoir rather than
structure.
Q9 Attempt the classification of dams on the basis of
material used and height.
Ans Dams are classified according to material used and
intended purpose or height—
(A)On the basis of structure and the material used
dams are classified-
(a)Timber dams (b)Embankment dams (c) Masonary dams
There are many subtypes of these dams
B) On the basis of height-
(a)Low dams (b) Medium dams (c) High dams
Q10 Who proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern
India and why?
Ans Jawahar Lal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as
‘temples of modern India’, the
main reason being that it would integrate development
of agriculture and the village
economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the
urban economy.
Q11 Differentiate between traditional dams and multi
purpose river valley dams.
Ans Traditional dams were built to impound rivers and
rainwater that could be used later
to irrigate agricultural fields.
Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for
electricity generation, water supply
for domestic and industrial uses ,flood control
,recreation ,inland navigation ,and fish
breeding. For example, Bhakhra Nangal project water is
used for hydel power production
as well as for irrigation.
Q12 What is water scarcity?
Ans According to Falken Mark, a Swedish expert, water
stress occurs when water
availability is less than 1000 cubic meter per person
per day.
Q13Explain the various causes of water scarcity?
OR
What is the quantitative aspect of water scarcity?
Ans(a)Water scarcity may be the outcome of large and
growing population and
consequent greater demands for water and unequal
access to it.
A large population means more water not only for
domestic use but also to
produce more food .Hence ,to facilitate higher food-
grain production ,water
resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated
areas and dry season
agriculture.
Most farmers have their own wells and tube-wells in
their farms for irrigation to increase
their produce. But it may lead to falling of ground
water levels adversely affecting water
availability and food security of the people.
Post-Independence Period
(b)Intensive industrialization is exerting pressure on
existing fresh water
resources. Industries, apart from being heavy users of
water, also require power to
run them. Much of this energy comes from
hydro-electric power. Today, hydroelectricity
contributes approximately 22 % of the total
electricity produced.
(c)Multiplying urban centers with large and dense
populations and urban-life
styles have not only added to water and energy
requirements but have further
aggravated the problem. Most of these have their own
ground water pumping
devices to meet their water needs. .Water resources
are being over-exploited and
have caused their depletion in several of these
cities.
Q14Discuss the problems associated with multipurpose
river valley projects.
Ans The problems associated with multipurpose projects
and large dams are following-
AFFECT ON NATURAL FLOW OF RIVER
Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural
flow causing poor sediment flow
And excessive sedimentations at the bottom of the
reservoir, resulting in rockier stream
beds and poorer habitats for the river’s acquatic
life. Dams also fragment rivers making it
difficult for acquatic fauna to migrate, especially
for spawning.
SUBMERGENCE OF VEGETATION
The reservoirs that are created on the flood plains
also submerge the existing vegetation
and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of
time.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Multipurpose projects and large dams have also been
the cause of many new social
movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan ’and the’
Tehri Dam Andolan’
.Resistance to these projects have primarily been due
to the large scale displacement of
local communities Local people often have to give
their land, livelihood and their meagre
access to and control over resources for the greater
good of nation.
CHANGE IN CROPPING PATTERN
Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of
many regions with farmers shifting to
water intensive and commercial crops. This has great
ecological consequences like
salinisation of the soil. At the same time it has
changed the social landscape,i.e.increasing
the social gap between the richer landoweners and the
landless poor.
CONFLICTS AND DISPUTES
Dams did create conflicts between people wanting
different uses from the same water
resources. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati –basin farmers
were agitated and almost caused a
riot over the higher priority given to water supply in
urban areas ,particularly during
droughts. Inter-state water disputes are also becoming
common with regard to sharing the
costs and benefits of the multipurpose projects
e.g.objections raised by Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh government regarding the Krishna –Godavari
water.
TRIGGERS FLOODS
Ironically the dams that were constructed to control
floods have rather triggered
floods,due to sedimentation in the reservoir .Moreover
,the big dams have mostly been
unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of
excessive rainfall.In 2006 release of
water from dams during heavy rainfall aggravated the
flood situation in Maharashtra and
Gujarat.The floods have also caused extensive soil
erosion.
LAND DEGRADATION
Regulating and damming of rivers cause poor sediment
flow and sedimentation at the
bottom of the reservoir, which means that the flood
plains were deprived of silt ,a
natural fertilizer,further adding on to the problem of
land degradation.
OTHER PROBLEMS
It was also observed that the multipurpose projects
induced earthquakes, caused water
borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from
excessive use of water.
Q15 What was considered as viable alternative to the
multipurpose projects and why?
Ans Water harvesting system was considered as a viable
alternative to the
multipurpose projects because of –
The disadvantages and rising resistance against the
multipurpose projects
Water harvesting system is considered safe both socio-
economically and
environmentally.
Q16 Discuss how rainwater harvesting is carried out in
the semi-arid regions of
Rajasthan?
Ans In Rajasthan rainwater harvesting is carried out
in the following ways-
JOHADS AND KHADINS
In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields
were converted into rainfed storage
structures that allowed the rainwater to stand and
moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in
Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.
UNDERGROUND TANKS OR TANKAS
In the arid and semi-arid regions of, particulary in
Bikaner , Phalodi and Barmer
,almost all the houses traditionally had underground
tanks or tankas for storing
drinking drinking water.
The tankas could be as large as a big room;one house
in Phalodi had a tank that
was 6.1 mts deep, 4.27mt long, 2.44mt wide.
The tankas were part of the well developed rooftop
rainwater harvesting system
and were built inside the main house or in the
courtyard They were connected to
to the sloping roof of the houses through a pipe. Rain
falling on the roofs would
travel down the pipe and was stored in these
underground tankas .The first spell
of rain was usually not collected as this would clean
the roofs and the pipes .The
rainwater from the subsequent showers was then
collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the
next rainfall making it an
extremely reliable source of drinking water when all
other sources are dried up.
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining
the tankas to beat the
summer heat as it would keep the room cool.
Q17What is ‘Palar Pani’?
Ans Rainwater is commonly referred as ‘Palar Pani’ in
Rajasthan. It is considered the
purest form of natural water.
Q18 Why the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting
is declining in western part of
Rajasthan?
Ans The practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on
the decline in western Rajasthan as
plenty of water is available due to the perennial
Rajasthan canal.
Q19What are Guls or Kuls?
Ans In hilly and mountainous regions, people built
diversion channels for agriculture
known as Guls or Kuls in western Himalayas.
Q20 Describe how modern adaptations of traditional
rainwater harvesting methods are
being carried out to conserve and store water?
Ans In many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop
rainwater harvesting is being
successfully adapted to store and conserve water-
GENDATHUR
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore,
Karnataka, villagers have
installed in their household’s rooftop, rainwater
harvesting system to meet their
water needs.
Nearly 200 households have installed this system and
the village has earned the
rare distinction of being rich in rainwater.
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000mm
and with 80% percent of
collection efficiency and of about 10 filling, every
house can collect and use about
50,000 liters of water. From 20 houses, the net amount
of rainwater harvested
annually amounts to 1,00,0000 liters.
SHILLONG
Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common
practice in Shillong,
Meghalaya.
It is interesting because Cherapunji and Mawsynram
situated at a distance of 55
km from Shillong receives the highest rainfall in the
world, the state capital
Shillong faces acute shortage of water.
Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop
rainwater harvesting structure.
Nearly 15-25% of the total water requirement of the
household comes from
rooftop water harvesting.
TAMILNADU
It is the first and the only state in India
harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses
across the state. There are legal
provisions to punish the defaulters.
Q22 Explain the ‘Bamboo Drip Irrigation System’
Ans In Meghalaya, a 200 years old system of tapping
stream and spring water by
using bamboo pipes ,.About is prevalent 18-20 liters
of water enters the bamboo
pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of meters,
and finally reduces to 20-
80 drops per minute at the site of plant.
Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on
the hilltops to the lower
reaches by gravity.
The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to
the site where it is
distributed into branches, again made and laid with
different form bamboo pipes.
The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by
manipulating the pipe positions.
Reduced channel sections and diversion units are used
at the last stage of water
applications. The last channel section enables water
to be dropped near the roots
of the plant.
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